An Explorer's Guide to Medieval India

Uncover the rich tapestry of dynasties, cultures, and transformations that shaped the Indian subcontinent from c. 750 CE to 1750 CE.

Navigate through the detailed syllabus below. Click on any sub-topic to explore (opens in a new tab - content coming soon).

Syllabus Navigator

Module 1: Sources of Medieval Indian History
Topic 1.1: Archaeological Sources – Material Imprints of the Past
Subtopic 1.1.1: Inscriptions and Epigraphy
1.1.1.1: Types: Royal Edicts & Proclamations, Prashastis, Land Grant Charters, etc. 1.1.1.2: Content & Information Derived 1.1.1.3: Languages & Scripts 1.1.1.4: Key Examples & Case Studies 1.1.1.5: Strengths and Limitations 1.1.1.6: Current Affairs Linkage
Subtopic 1.1.2: Numismatics – Coins as Historical Evidence
1.1.2.1: Materials & Minting Techniques 1.1.2.2: Information Derived 1.1.2.3: Key Dynastic Issues 1.1.2.4: Hoards and their Significance. 1.1.2.5: Strengths and Limitations as a Historical Source. 1.1.2.6: Current Affairs Linkage
Subtopic 1.1.3: Monuments, Architecture, and Sculptures – Testaments in Stone
1.1.3.1: Religious Structures 1.1.3.2: Secular Structures 1.1.3.3: Sculptural Evidence 1.1.3.4: Information Derived 1.1.3.5: Strengths and Limitations 1.1.3.6: Current Affairs Linkage
Subtopic 1.1.4: Paintings – Visual Narratives
1.1.4.1: Mural Traditions (Continuity & Decline) 1.1.4.2: Manuscript Illustrations & Miniatures 1.1.4.3: Themes & Techniques 1.1.4.4: Information Derived 1.1.4.5: Strengths and Limitations 1.1.4.6: Current Affairs Linkage
Topic 1.2: Literary Sources – Voices from the Past
Subtopic 1.2.1: Indigenous Indian Literature
1.2.1.1: Sanskrit Literature
1.2.1.2: Persian Literature (produced in India)
A. Historical Chronicles (Tarikh tradition) B. Autobiographies/Biographies C. Insha Literature (Epistolography/Letters) D. Sufi Literature E. Poetry
1.2.1.3: Regional Language Literature (Bhasha Literature)
A. Early Hindi/Hindavi B. Bhakti Literature C. Secular and Courtly Regional Literature D. Jain Literature in regional languages
1.2.1.4: Strengths and Limitations of Indigenous Literary Sources
Subtopic 1.2.2: Accounts of Foreign Travellers and Scholars
1.2.2.1: Arab & Persian Travellers/Geographers
1.2.2.2: European Travellers (Sultanate, Vijayanagara, Mughal)
A. Italian B. Portuguese C. English D. French E. Dutch
1.2.2.3: Chinese Travellers 1.2.2.4: Nature of their Accounts 1.2.2.5: Strengths and Limitations 1.2.2.6: Current Affairs Linkage
Topic 1.3: Historiography of Medieval India – Interpretative Frameworks
1.3.1: Colonial Historiography 1.3.2: Nationalist Historiography 1.3.3: Marxist Historiography 1.3.4: Cambridge School 1.3.5: Subaltern Studies 1.3.6: Recent Trends 1.3.7: Debates in Medieval Indian Historiography
Module 2: Early Medieval India: Polities and Society (c. 750-1200 CE)
Topic 2.1: Major Political Formations in North India and the Deccan
Subtopic 2.1.1: The Gurjara-Pratiharas (c. 8th - 11th Century CE)
2.1.1.1: Origins and Theories 2.1.1.2: Key Rulers and Expansion 2.1.1.3: Administration 2.1.1.4: Role in resisting Arab incursions 2.1.1.5: Cultural Contributions 2.1.1.6: Decline and Fragmentation 2.1.1.7: Significance in North Indian Polity
Subtopic 2.1.2: The Palas of Bengal and Bihar (c. 8th - 12th Century CE)
2.1.2.1: Origin and Rise 2.1.2.2: Key Rulers and Expansion 2.1.2.3: Administration 2.1.2.4: Religious Policy 2.1.2.5: Cultural Contributions 2.1.2.6: Decline 2.1.2.7: Relations with Southeast Asia 2.1.2.8: Current Affairs Linkage
Subtopic 2.1.3: The Rashtrakutas of the Deccan (c. 8th - 10th Century CE)
2.1.3.1: Origins and Rise 2.1.3.2: Key Rulers and Military Achievements 2.1.3.3: Administration 2.1.3.4: Religious Policy 2.1.3.5: Cultural Contributions 2.1.3.6: Decline 2.1.3.7: Current Affairs Linkage
Subtopic 2.1.4: The Tripartite Struggle for Kannauj (c. late 8th to early 10th Century CE)
2.1.4.1: Significance of Kannauj 2.1.4.2: Main Contenders 2.1.4.3: Phases and Key Engagements 2.1.4.4: Consequences 2.1.4.5: Nature of Warfare and Military strategies
Subtopic 2.1.5: The Rajputs – Emergence, Polity, and Society
2.1.5.1: Theories of Origin
2.1.5.2: Major Rajput Clans and their Territories
A. Chauhans/Chahamanas B. Paramaras of Malwa C. Chaulukyas/Solankis of Gujarat D. Gahadavalas of Kannauj E. Chandellas of Jejakabhukti F. Kalachuris of Tripuri G. Tomaras of Delhi
2.1.5.3: Rajput Polity 2.1.5.4: Rajput Society and Culture 2.1.5.5: Inter-clan rivalries 2.1.5.6: Current Affairs Linkage
Topic 2.2: Major Political Formations in South India
Subtopic 2.2.1: The Imperial Cholas (c. 9th - 13th Century CE)
2.2.1.1: Rise from Feudatory Status 2.2.1.2: Consolidation and Expansion 2.2.1.3: Later Cholas
2.2.1.4: Chola Administration
A. Central Administration B. Provincial Administration
C. Local Self-Government
i. Ur ii. Sabha/Mahasabha iii. Nagaram
D. Revenue System
2.2.1.5: Chola Military 2.2.1.6: Chola Economy 2.2.1.7: Chola Society
2.2.1.8: Chola Art, Architecture & Culture
A. Dravidian Temple Architecture B. Sculpture C. Painting D. Literature
2.2.1.9: Current Affairs Linkage
Subtopic 2.2.2: Other Contemporary South Indian Powers (Brief Overview)
2.2.2.1: Later Chalukyas of Kalyani 2.2.2.2: Later Pandyas of Madurai 2.2.2.3: Later Cheras / Kulasekharas 2.2.2.4: Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra 2.2.2.5: Kakatiyas of Warangal 2.2.2.6: Current Affairs Linkage
Topic 2.3: Society and Economy in Early Medieval India (c. 750 – 1200 CE) – General Trends
Subtopic 2.3.1: Social Structure and Changes
2.3.1.1: The "Indian Feudalism" Debate
A. Arguments for Feudalism B. Arguments against/Modifications C. Integrative Approach
2.3.1.2: Proliferation of Castes (Jatis) 2.3.1.3: Position of Brahmins 2.3.1.4: The Kshatriya/Rajput Class 2.3.1.5: Status of Women 2.3.1.6: Untouchability 2.3.1.7: Education System
Subtopic 2.3.2: Economic Conditions
2.3.2.1: Agriculture 2.3.2.2: Land Tenure
2.3.2.3: Trade and Commerce
A. Debate on Urban Decay & Trade Decline B. Internal Trade
C. Maritime Trade
i. With Southeast Asia ii. With West Asia/Arab World iii. With China
D. Merchant Guilds
2.3.2.4: Urbanization 2.3.2.5: Coinage 2.3.2.6: Crafts and Industries
Topic 2.4: Religion, Philosophy, and Culture in Early Medieval India
Subtopic 2.4.1: Hinduism – Dominance and Diversification
2.4.1.1: Shaivism and Vaishnavism 2.4.1.2: Shakti Worship 2.4.1.3: Temple as a Socio-Religious and Economic Institution
2.4.1.4: Bhakti Movement (Early Phase)
A. Alvars and Nayanars
2.4.1.5: Philosophical Developments (Vedanta Schools)
A. Shankaracharya B. Ramanujacharya C. Madhvacharya D. Other schools
2.4.1.6: Tantrism
Subtopic 2.4.2: Buddhism – Decline and Regional Pockets
2.4.2.1: Reasons for Decline 2.4.2.2: Mahayana and Vajrayana 2.4.2.3: Surviving Centers
Subtopic 2.4.3: Jainism – Continued Presence
2.4.3.1: Regional Strongholds 2.4.3.2: Contributions
Subtopic 2.4.4: Development of Regional Languages and Literature
2.4.4.1: Emergence of Apabhramsha as a literary language, precursor to modern Indo-Aryan languages. 2.4.4.2: Growth of Tamil literature 2.4.4.3: Development of Kannada literature 2.4.4.4: Early phases of other regional literatures 2.4.4.5: Sanskrit continuity
Subtopic 2.4.5: Art and Architecture (Pre-Sultanate Styles)
2.4.5.1: Temple Architecture Styles
A. Nagara Style B. Dravida Style C. Vesara Style
2.4.5.2: Sculpture 2.4.5.3: Painting
Topic 2.5: The Arab Conquest of Sindh (Early 8th Century CE)
2.5.1: Background 2.5.2: Course of the Conquest 2.5.3: Arab Administration in Sindh
Subtopic 2.5.4: Impact of Arab Conquest
2.5.4.1: Political Impact 2.5.4.2: Economic Impact
2.5.4.3: Cultural Impact (Two-way Exchange)
A. Indian influence on Arabs B. Arab/Islamic influence on India
2.5.4.4: Religious Impact
Topic 2.6: Ghaznavid and Ghurid Invasions – Prelude to the Sultanate
Subtopic 2.6.1: Mahmud of Ghazni (Early 11th Century CE)
2.6.1.1: Background 2.6.1.2: Mahmud's Invasions 2.6.1.3: Motives 2.6.1.4: Impact 2.6.1.5: Assessment of Mahmud's character and campaigns.
Subtopic 2.6.2: Muhammad Ghori (Shihabuddin Muhammad bin Sam) (Late 12th Century CE)
2.6.2.1: Background
2.6.2.2: Invasions and Key Battles
A. Conquest of Multan and Uch B. Defeat at Gujarat C. First Battle of Tarain D. Second Battle of Tarain E. Conquest of Delhi, Ajmer F. Battle of Chandawar G. Conquests by generals
2.6.2.3: Motives 2.6.2.4: Administrative Arrangements 2.6.2.5: Assassination and aftermath 2.6.2.6: Difference between Mahmud and Ghori
Subtopic 2.6.3: Causes of the Success of Turks / Defeat of Rajputs
2.6.3.1: Political Factors 2.6.3.2: Military Factors 2.6.3.3: Social Factors 2.6.3.4: Religious Zeal of Turks 2.6.3.5: Economic Factors 2.6.3.6: Historiographical debates
Module 3: The Delhi Sultanate (c. 1206-1526 CE)
Topic 3.1: Establishment and Consolidation – The Mamluk, Khalji, and Tughlaq Dynasties
Subtopic 3.1.1: The Mamluk/Slave Dynasty (Ilbari Turks) (c. 1206 – 1290 CE)
3.1.1.1: Qutb-ud-din Aibak (1206-1210)
A. Background B. Accession and Legitimacy C. Consolidation Efforts D. Architectural Contributions E. Premature Death
3.1.1.2: Shams-ud-din Iltutmish (1210/11-1236)
A. Accession B. Consolidation – "Real Founder" C. Mongol Menace D. Legitimation E. Administrative Contributions F. Architectural Contributions
3.1.1.3: Raziya Sultan (1236-1240)
A. Nomination and Accession B. Assertion of Authority C. Challenges and Overthrow D. Significance
3.1.1.4: Period of Instability (1240-1266)
A. Weak Successors B. Ascendancy of Ghiyas-ud-din Balban
3.1.1.5: Ghiyas-ud-din Balban (1266-1287)
A. Restoration of Monarchy's Prestige B. Theory of Kingship C. Internal Consolidation D. Military Reforms E. Mongol Policy F. Espionage System
3.1.1.6: Decline of Mamluks
Subtopic 3.1.2: The Khalji Dynasty (c. 1290 – 1320 CE) – The "Khalji Revolution"
3.1.2.1: Jalaluddin Khalji (1290-1296)
A. Accession B. Policies C. Alauddin's Early Expeditions
3.1.2.2: Alauddin Khalji (1296-1316) – Zenith of Sultanate Power
A. Accession B. Theory of Kingship
C. Conquests and Expansion
i. North India ii. Deccan Campaigns
D. Mongol Invasions and Defense E. Administrative Reforms F. Military Reforms
G. Economic Reforms
i. Market Control Policy ii. Land Revenue Reforms
H. Patronage of Art and Architecture
3.1.2.3: Decline of Khaljis
Subtopic 3.1.3: The Tughlaq Dynasty (c. 1320 – 1414 CE) – Ideology, Experimentation, and Disintegration
3.1.3.1: Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (Ghazi Malik) (1320-1325)
A. Founder B. Policies C. Military Campaigns D. Architectural Contributions E. Death
3.1.3.2: Muhammad bin Tughlaq (Jauna Khan) (1325-1351) – The "Wise Fool"
A. Character and Erudition
B. Ambitious Projects and "Failures"
i. Taxation in the Doab ii. Transfer of Capital iii. Token Currency iv. Proposed Khurasan Expedition v. Qarachil Expedition
C. Agrarian Reforms D. Religious Policy E. Rebellions and Disintegration F. Foreign Accounts (Ibn Battuta)
3.1.3.3: Firuz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388) – Appeasement, Welfare, Orthodoxy
A. Accession B. Policy of Appeasement
C. Administrative and Economic Measures
i. Revenue Reforms ii. Promotion of Agriculture iii. Welfare Measures
D. Public Works E. Military Expeditions F. Religious Policy G. Patronage of Learning H. Long-term Impact
3.1.3.4: Later Tughlaqs and Decline (1388-1414)
A. Weak Successors B. Civil Wars and Anarchy C. Invasion of Timur (Tamerlane)
Topic 3.2: The Sayyid and Lodi Dynasties – Era of Decentralization and Afghan Ascendancy
Subtopic 3.2.1: The Sayyid Dynasty (c. 1414 – 1451 CE)
3.2.1.1: Khizr Khan (1414-1421)
A. Founder B. Rule
3.2.1.2: Mubarak Shah (1421-1434)
A. Assertion B. Patronage C. Assassination
3.2.1.3: Muhammad Shah (1434-1445) & Alauddin Alam Shah (1445-1451)
A. Weak Rulers B. Abdication
3.2.1.4: Nature of Sayyid Rule
Subtopic 3.2.2: The Lodi Dynasty (First Afghan Empire in India) (c. 1451 – 1526 CE)
3.2.2.1: Bahlul Lodi (1451-1489)
A. Founder B. Policy towards Afghan Nobles C. Consolidation
3.2.2.2: Sikandar Lodi (Nizam Khan) (1489-1517)
A. Ablest Lodi Ruler B. Administration C. Foundation of Agra D. Religious Policy E. Patronage of Learning
3.2.2.3: Ibrahim Lodi (1517-1526)
A. Character B. Alienation of Nobility C. Conflict with Rana Sanga D. Invitation to Babur E. First Battle of Panipat
3.2.2.4: Nature of Afghan Kingship and Polity
Topic 3.3: Administration of the Delhi Sultanate
Subtopic 3.3.1: Nature of the State
3.3.1.1: Theocratic vs. Military State Debate
3.3.1.2: Theories of Kingship
A. Mamluks B. Khaljis C. Tughlaqs D. Lodis
3.3.1.3: Role of Caliphate 3.3.1.4: Concept of Sultan
Subtopic 3.3.2: Central Administration
3.3.2.1: Key Officials and Departments (Diwans)
A. Wazir (Diwan-i-Wizarat) B. Ariz-i-Mumalik (Diwan-i-Arz) C. Dabir-i-Khas / Amir Munshi (Diwan-i-Insha) D. Diwan-i-Risalat E. Sadr-us-Sudur F. Qazi-ul-Quzat G. Barid-i-Mumalik H. Wakil-i-Dar I. Amir-i-Hajib
J. Specialized Departments
i. Diwan-i-Mustakhraj ii. Diwan-i-Riyasat iii. Diwan-i-Amir-Kohi iv. Diwan-i-Khairat v. Diwan-i-Bandagan vi. Diwan-i-Isthqaq
Subtopic 3.3.3: Provincial and Local Administration
3.3.3.1: Iqta System
A. Definition B. Responsibilities of Iqtadars C. Nature D. Evolution
3.3.3.2: Provinces 3.3.3.3: Shiqs (Districts) 3.3.3.4: Parganas (Sub-districts)
3.3.3.5: Village Level
A. Officials B. Village Panchayat
Subtopic 3.3.4: Military Organization
3.3.4.1: Army Composition 3.3.4.2: Types of Soldiers 3.3.4.3: Recruitment and Maintenance 3.3.4.4: Dagh and Chehra/Huliya 3.3.4.5: Fortifications 3.3.4.6: Limited Navy 3.3.4.7: Artillery
Subtopic 3.3.5: Judicial System
3.3.5.1: Sources of Law
3.3.5.2: Hierarchy of Courts
A. Sultan B. Qazi-ul-Quzat C. Qazis D. Amir-i-Dad
3.3.5.3: Civil and Criminal Law
Subtopic 3.3.6: Fiscal Policy and Taxation
3.3.6.1: Major Sources of Revenue (Central Treasury – Bait-ul-Mal)
A. Kharaj B. Ushr C. Jizya D. Zakat E. Khams/Ghanima
3.3.6.2: Other Taxes
A. Ghari B. Charai C. Haqq-i-Sharb D. Customs Duties (Ushur) E. Market taxes, transit duties, etc.
3.3.6.3: Land Revenue Assessment Methods
A. Batai/Ghalla-Bakshi B. Kankut/Danabandi C. Masahat/Zabita
3.3.6.4: Impact of Taxation
Topic 3.4: Economy of the Delhi Sultanate
Subtopic 3.4.1: Agrarian Economy
3.4.1.1: Land Ownership and Control 3.4.1.2: Crop Patterns 3.4.1.3: Irrigation 3.4.1.4: Condition of Peasantry 3.4.1.5: Rural Credit and Indebtedness
Subtopic 3.4.2: Urbanization and Growth of Towns
3.4.2.1: Factors for Urban Growth 3.4.2.2: Major Urban Centers 3.4.2.3: Urban Administration 3.4.2.4: Urban Demography
Subtopic 3.4.3: Trade and Commerce
3.4.3.1: Internal Trade
3.4.3.2: External Trade
A. Overland Trade
B. Maritime Trade
i. With Southeast Asia ii. With West Asia/Arab World iii. With China
3.4.3.3: Merchant Communities and Financiers 3.4.3.4: Coinage 3.4.3.5: Urban Centers
Subtopic 3.4.4: Technology and Crafts
3.4.4.1: Karkhanas (Imperial workshops) 3.4.4.2: Textile Industry 3.4.4.3: Metalwork 3.4.4.4: Paper Making 3.4.4.5: Building Technology 3.4.4.6: Water-lifting devices 3.4.4.7: Military Technology 3.4.4.8: Other Crafts
3.4.5: Current Affairs Linkage
Topic 3.5: Society and Culture under the Delhi Sultanate
Subtopic 3.5.1: Social Structure
3.5.1.1: Ruling Class
A. The Sultan B. Nobility (Umara)
3.5.1.2: Ulema
3.5.1.3: Hindu Society
A. Position of Zimmis B. Hindu Chiefs and Landlords C. General Hindu Populace
3.5.1.4: Slaves (Bandagan) 3.5.1.5: Artisans, Shopkeepers, Urban Poor, Rural Masses
3.5.1.6: Position of Women
A. Muslim Women B. Hindu Women
3.5.1.7: Standard of Living
Subtopic 3.5.2: Religious Life – Bhakti and Sufi Movements
3.5.2.1: Bhakti Movement's Proliferation during Sultanate
A. Key Exponents B. Characteristics
3.5.2.2: Sufism – Establishment and Spread of Major Silsilahs (Orders)
A. Chishti Silsilah B. Suhrawardi Silsilah C. Other Silsilahs D. Khanqahs E. Dargahs
3.5.2.3: Interaction between Hindu and Muslim Religious Traditions
A. Syncretic Trends B. Tensions and Conflicts
Subtopic 3.5.3: Indo-Islamic Architecture
3.5.3.1: Key Features (Synthesis of Indian and Perso-Islamic elements)
A. Indian Elements B. Perso-Islamic Elements
3.5.3.2: Mamluk/Slave Style 3.5.3.3: Khalji Style 3.5.3.4: Tughlaq Style 3.5.3.5: Sayyid and Lodi Styles 3.5.3.6: Current Affairs Linkage
Subtopic 3.5.4: Language and Literature
3.5.4.1: Persian – Language of Court and Elite Literature
A. Historical Chronicles B. Poetry and Prose C. Insha Literature (Epistolography/Letters)
3.5.4.2: Sanskrit
3.5.4.3: Development of Hindavi/Early Urdu (Rekhta)
A. Amir Khusrau's role B. Emergence as lingua franca C. Use by Sufi saints
3.5.4.4: Regional Languages and Literature
A. Bhakti literature B. Jain literature C. South/East Indian Languages
Subtopic 3.5.5: Music and Fine Arts
3.5.5.1: Music
A. Synthesis B. Amir Khusrau's Contributions C. Sama (Sufi music) D. Patronage
3.5.5.2: Painting
A. Manuscript Illumination B. Sultanate Painting
3.5.5.3: Calligraphy 3.5.5.4: Decorative Arts
Subtopic 3.5.6: Education System
3.5.6.1: Maktabs 3.5.6.2: Madrasas 3.5.6.3: Hindu Education 3.5.6.4: Emphasis on S&T
Topic 3.6: Challenges, Decline, and Disintegration of the Sultanate
Subtopic 3.6.1: Internal Factors
3.6.1.1: Nature of State 3.6.1.2: Unruly Nobility 3.6.1.3: Degeneration of Iqta System 3.6.1.4: Vastness of Empire & Communication 3.6.1.5: Agrarian Crises 3.6.1.6: Financial Instability
3.6.1.7: Policies of Certain Sultans
A. Muhammad bin Tughlaq B. Firuz Shah Tughlaq C. Ibrahim Lodi
3.6.1.8: Weak Successors
Subtopic 3.6.2: External Factors – Foreign Invasions
3.6.2.1: Invasion of Nadir Shah (Persian Emperor) (1739)
A. Causes B. Battle of Karnal C. Sack of Delhi
3.6.2.2: Invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali (Durrani)
A. Repeated Invasions B. Third Battle of Panipat (1761)
Subtopic 3.6.3: Rise of Provincial/Regional Kingdoms
3.6.3.1: Assertion of Independence by Governors 3.6.3.2: Vijayanagara and Bahmani Kingdoms 3.6.3.3: Rajput States
Subtopic 3.6.4: Final Blow: Babur's Invasion (1526)
3.6.4.1: Internal divisions and invitation 3.6.4.2: First Battle of Panipat
Module 4: Regional Kingdoms in Medieval India
Topic 4.1: Vijayanagara Empire (c. 1336 – 1646 CE) – A South Indian Bulwark
Subtopic 4.1.1: Origin and Political History
4.1.1.1: Theories of Origin
4.1.1.2: Sangama Dynasty (c. 1336-1485)
A. Harihara I & Bukka I B. Harihara II C. Deva Raya I D. Deva Raya II E. Decline of Sangamas
4.1.1.3: Saluva Dynasty (c. 1485-1505)
A. Saluva Narasimha B. Brief rule & Narasa Nayaka
4.1.1.4: Tuluva Dynasty (c. 1505-1570)
A. Vira Narasimha
B. Krishnadevaraya (1509-1529) – Zenith
i. Military Achievements ii. Administrative Acumen iii. Patronage of Arts and Literature iv. Architectural Contributions v. Foreign Accounts
C. Achyuta Deva Raya D. Sadasiva Raya
4.1.1.5: Battle of Talikota (Rakshasi-Tangadi) (1565)
A. Causes B. Course C. Consequences
4.1.1.6: Aravidu Dynasty (c. 1570-1646)
A. Tirumala Deva Raya B. Later rulers C. Final Decline
Subtopic 4.1.2: Vijayanagara Administration
4.1.2.1: Nature of State
4.1.2.2: Central Administration
A. King (Raya) B. Council of Ministers
4.1.2.3: Provincial Administration
4.1.2.4: Nayankara System
A. Key Feature B. Responsibilities C. Nature
4.1.2.5: Ayagar System
A. Local Village Administration B. Responsibilities
4.1.2.6: Revenue System 4.1.2.7: Military Organization 4.1.2.8: Judicial System
Subtopic 4.1.3: Vijayanagara Economy
4.1.3.1: Agriculture 4.1.3.2: Industries and Crafts
4.1.3.3: Trade and Commerce
A. Internal Trade
B. External Trade
i. Imports ii. Exports
C. Trading Partners
4.1.3.4: Coinage 4.1.3.5: Urban Centers
Subtopic 4.1.4: Vijayanagara Society and Culture
4.1.4.1: Social Structure 4.1.4.2: Position of Women 4.1.4.3: Religious Life 4.1.4.4: Education and Learning
4.1.4.5: Literature
A. Sanskrit B. Telugu C. Kannada D. Tamil
4.1.4.6: Current Affairs Linkage
Subtopic 4.1.5: Vijayanagara Art and Architecture (Dravidian Style – Distinct Phase)
4.1.5.1: Key Features
A. Temple Architecture B. Secular Architecture
4.1.5.2: Prominent Examples
A. Virupaksha Temple B. Vithalaswamy Temple C. Hazara Ramaswamy Temple D. Krishnaswamy Temple E. Achyutaraya Temple F. Temples at other centers
4.1.5.3: Sculpture 4.1.5.4: Painting
Subtopic 4.1.6: Foreign Travellers' Accounts on Vijayanagara
4.1.6.1: Nicolo Conti 4.1.6.2: Abdur Razzaq 4.1.6.3: Duarte Barbosa 4.1.6.4: Domingo Paes 4.1.6.5: Fernao Nuniz 4.1.6.6: Importance of accounts
Topic 4.2: Bahmani Sultanate (c. 1347 – 1527 CE) and its Successor States (The Deccan Sultanates)
Subtopic 4.2.1: Bahmani Sultanate – Origins and Political History
4.2.1.1: Establishment
4.2.1.2: Key Rulers
A. Muhammad Shah I B. Tajuddin Firuz Shah C. Ahmad Shah Wali D. Muhammad Shah III
4.2.1.3: Role of Mahmud Gawan (Prime Minister, c. 1463-1481)
A. Background B. Administrative Reforms C. Military Campaigns D. Patronage of Learning E. Execution
4.2.1.4: Factionalism in Bahmani Court 4.2.1.5: Decline and Disintegration
Subtopic 4.2.2: Bahmani Administration, Economy, and Culture
4.2.2.1: Administration 4.2.2.2: Economy 4.2.2.3: Culture and Society
4.2.2.4: Art and Architecture (Deccani Style)
A. Influences B. Gulbarga Phase C. Bidar Phase
4.2.2.5: Current Affairs Linkage
Subtopic 4.2.3: The Five Deccan Sultanates (Successors to Bahmani)
4.2.3.1: Nizam Shahis of Ahmednagar (c. 1490-1636)
A. Founder B. Key Rulers C. Architecture D. Annexation
4.2.3.2: Adil Shahis of Bijapur (c. 1490-1686)
A. Founder B. Key Rulers C. Architecture D. Annexation
4.2.3.3: Qutb Shahis of Golconda (c. 1512/18-1687)
A. Founder B. Key Rulers C. Economy D. Architecture E. Annexation
4.2.3.4: Imad Shahis of Berar (c. 1490-1574)
A. Founder B. Nature C. Annexation
4.2.3.5: Barid Shahis of Bidar (c. 1528-1619)
A. Founder B. Rule C. Architecture D. Annexation
4.2.3.6: Cultural Contributions of Deccan Sultanates 4.2.3.7: Current Affairs Linkage
Topic 4.3: Other Prominent Regional Kingdoms
Subtopic 4.3.1: Bengal (c. 14th - 16th Century – Independent Sultanate)
4.3.1.1: Ilyas Shahi Dynasty (c. 1342-1415, 1437-1487)
A. Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah B. Sikandar Shah C. Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah
4.3.1.2: Raja Ganesha Dynasty
4.3.1.3: Hussain Shahi Dynasty (c. 1494-1538) – Golden Age
A. Alauddin Hussain Shah B. Nasiruddin Nusrat Shah
4.3.1.4: Architecture 4.3.1.5: Literature 4.3.1.6: Economy 4.3.1.7: Absorption by Mughals
Subtopic 4.3.2: Jaunpur (Sharqi Sultanate, c. 1394-1479)
4.3.2.1: Founder 4.3.2.2: Key Rulers 4.3.2.3: Culture and Learning 4.3.2.4: Architecture 4.3.2.5: Annexation
Subtopic 4.3.3: Gujarat (Independent Sultanate, c. 1407-1573)
4.3.3.1: Founder
4.3.3.2: Key Rulers
A. Ahmad Shah I B. Mahmud Begarha C. Bahadur Shah
4.3.3.3: Economy 4.3.3.4: Architecture 4.3.3.5: Annexation 4.3.3.6: Current Affairs Linkage
Subtopic 4.3.4: Malwa (Independent Sultanate, c. 1401-1562)
4.3.4.1: Founder
4.3.4.2: Key Rulers
A. Hoshang Shah Ghori B. Mahmud Khalji I C. Ghiyas-ud-din Khalji & Baz Bahadur
4.3.4.3: Architecture 4.3.4.4: Painting 4.3.4.5: Annexation 4.3.4.6: Current Affairs Linkage
Subtopic 4.3.5: Mewar and other Rajput States (Resurgence and Resistance)
4.3.5.1: Mewar (Guhilas/Sisodias of Chittor/Udaipur)
A. Rana Hammir B. Rana Kumbha C. Rana Sanga D. Maharana Pratap
4.3.5.2: Marwar (Rathores of Jodhpur) 4.3.5.3: Other Rajput States 4.3.5.4: Rajput Polity and Society 4.3.5.5: Current Affairs Linkage
Subtopic 4.3.6: Kashmir (Independent Sultanate, c. 1339-1586)
4.3.6.1: Shamsuddin Shah Mir 4.3.6.2: Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (Bud Shah) 4.3.6.3: Later Dynasties 4.3.6.4: Architecture 4.3.6.5: Annexation
Subtopic 4.3.7: Odisha (Gajapati Dynasty, c. 1434-1541)
4.3.7.1: Kapilendra Deva 4.3.7.2: Purushottama Deva 4.3.7.3: Prataparudra Deva 4.3.7.4: Culture 4.3.7.5: Architecture 4.3.7.6: Subjugation
Subtopic 4.3.8: Assam (Ahom Kingdom, c. 1228 – 1826)
4.3.8.1: Founder 4.3.8.2: Polity 4.3.8.3: Resistance 4.3.8.4: Culture 4.3.8.5: Timeline Note 4.3.8.6: Current Affairs Linkage
Module 5: The Mughal Empire (c. 1526-1707/1857)
Topic 5.1: Establishment and Consolidation of Mughal Power
Subtopic 5.1.1: Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur (1526-1530) – Founder
5.1.1.1: Background 5.1.1.2: Indian Invasions
5.1.1.3: Key Battles and Conquests
A. First Battle of Panipat (1526) B. Battle of Khanwa (1527) C. Battle of Chanderi (1528) D. Battle of Ghagra (1529)
5.1.1.4: Character and Significance 5.1.1.5: Administration 5.1.1.6: Death and Legacy
Subtopic 5.1.2: Nasir-ud-din Muhammad Humayun (1530-1540 & 1555-1556)
5.1.2.1: Early Challenges
5.1.2.2: Military Campaigns and Setbacks
A. Expedition against Kalinjar B. Conflicts with Bahadur Shah of Gujarat
C. Conflict with Sher Khan Suri
i. Siege of Chunar ii. Battle of Chausa iii. Battle of Kannauj/Bilgram
5.1.2.3: Humayun in Exile 5.1.2.4: Restoration of Power 5.1.2.5: Character 5.1.2.6: Architectural Contributions 5.1.2.7: Death 5.1.2.8: Gulbadan Begum's Humayun Nama
Subtopic 5.1.3: The Sur Empire (Afghan Interregnum, c. 1540-1555)
5.1.3.1: Sher Shah Suri (Farid Khan, c. 1540-1545)
A. Early Life and Rise B. Conquests
C. Administrative Reforms
i. Central Administration ii. Provincial Administration iii. Land Revenue System iv. Military Reforms v. Currency Reforms vi. Infrastructure and Communication vii. Trade and Commerce viii. Justice
D. Architectural Contributions E. Character F. Death
5.1.3.2: Successors of Sher Shah
Subtopic 5.1.4: Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar (1556-1605) – The Great Mughal
5.1.4.1: Accession and Early Years
A. Second Battle of Panipat (1556) B. Bairam Khan's Regency
5.1.4.2: Conquests and Expansion of Empire
A. North India B. Deccan Campaigns
5.1.4.3: Administrative System
5.1.4.4: Rajput Policy
A. Objectives B. Methods C. Resistance (Mewar) D. Impact
5.1.4.5: Religious Policy – Evolution and Sulh-i-Kul
A. Early Phase B. Phase of Inquiry and Liberalism C. Ibadat Khana D. Mahzar (Infallibility Decree) E. Tauhid-i-Ilahi / Din-i-Ilahi F. Sulh-i-Kul
5.1.4.6: Cultural Contributions 5.1.4.7: Personality 5.1.4.8: Current Affairs Linkage
Topic 5.2: Mughal Administration – Structure and Functioning
Subtopic 5.2.1: Nature of Mughal State
5.2.1.1: Paternalistic Benevolence 5.2.1.2: Centralization vs. Decentralization Debate 5.2.1.3: Military-Bureaucratic State 5.2.1.4: Role of Sharia and Zawabit 5.2.1.5: Sources
Subtopic 5.2.2: Central Administration
5.2.2.1: Emperor (Badshah)
5.2.2.2: Key Ministers and Departments
A. Wakil B. Wazir / Diwan-i-Kul C. Mir Bakhshi D. Mir Saman (Khan-i-Saman) E. Sadr-us-Sudur F. Qazi-ul-Quzat G. Barid-i-Mumalik H. Wakil-i-Dar I. Amir-i-Hajib
J. Specialized Departments
i. Diwan-i-Mustakhraj ii. Diwan-i-Riyasat iii. Diwan-i-Amir-Kohi iv. Diwan-i-Khairat v. Diwan-i-Bandagan vi. Diwan-i-Isthqaq
Subtopic 5.2.3: Provincial Administration
5.2.3.1: Subas (Provinces)
5.2.3.2: Key Provincial Officials
A. Subedar (Sipahsalar / Nazim) B. Diwan C. Bakhshi D. Sadr and Qazi E. Kotwal
5.2.3.3: Sarkars (Districts)
A. Faujdar B. Amalguzar / Amil
5.2.3.4: Parganas / Mahals (Sub-districts)
A. Shiqdar B. Amin / Munsif C. Qanungo D. Bitikchi (Karkun) E. Fotadar / Khazandar
5.2.3.5: Village Level
Subtopic 5.2.4: Mansabdari System
5.2.4.1: Introduction and Evolution 5.2.4.2: Meaning of Mansab
5.2.4.3: Dual Ranks – Zat and Sawar
A. Zat B. Sawar C. Three categories
5.2.4.4: Appointment, Promotion, Dismissal 5.2.4.5: Salary 5.2.4.6: Obligations 5.2.4.7: Merits 5.2.4.8: Demerits/Problems
Subtopic 5.2.5: Jagirdari System
5.2.5.1: Definition
5.2.5.2: Types of Jagirs
A. Tankha Jagir B. Mashrut Jagir C. Inam Jagir D. Watan Jagir
5.2.5.3: Difference between Jagir and Iqta 5.2.5.4: Jagirdari Crisis
Subtopic 5.2.6: Land Revenue System
5.2.6.1: Evolution under Akbar
5.2.6.2: Todar Mal's Bandobast / Ain-i-Dahsala (Zabti System) (1580)
A. Key Features B. Implementation
5.2.6.3: Other Systems
A. Batai/Ghalla Bakhshi B. Nasaq/Kankut
5.2.6.4: Revenue Officials 5.2.6.5: Impact on Peasantry 5.2.6.6: Suyurghal / Madad-i-Maash Grants
Subtopic 5.2.7: Military Organization
5.2.7.1: Army Composition
A. Cavalry (Aswaran) B. Infantry (Paiks/Ahsham) C. War Elephants (Filkhana) D. Artillery (Topkhana) E. Navy (Nawwara)
5.2.7.2: Forts and Fortifications 5.2.7.3: Recruitment, Discipline, Salary
Subtopic 5.2.8: Judicial System
5.2.8.1: Sources of Law
5.2.8.2: Hierarchy of Courts
A. Emperor B. Qazi-ul-Quzat C. Qazis D. Amir-i-Dad
5.2.8.3: Criminal Law 5.2.8.4: Role of Kotwal 5.2.8.5: Emphasis on Justice
Topic 5.3: Mughal Rulers after Akbar – Expansion, Zenith, and Challenges
Subtopic 5.3.1: Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir (Salim) (1605-1627)
5.3.1.1: Accession and Early Policies 5.3.1.2: Revolt of Prince Khusrau
5.3.1.3: Influence of Nur Jahan (Mehr-un-Nisa)
A. "Nur Jahan Junta" B. Political Influence
5.3.1.4: Military Campaigns and Territorial Changes
A. Mewar B. Kangra Fort captured C. Deccan Policy D. Loss of Kandahar
5.3.1.5: Relations with Europeans
A. English East India Company B. Portuguese influence declined.
5.3.1.6: Patronage of Art, Culture, and Architecture
A. Painting B. Architecture C. Literature
5.3.1.7: Character 5.3.1.8: Revolt of Prince Khurram (Shah Jahan) 5.3.1.9: Revolt of Mahabat Khan
Subtopic 5.3.2: Shihab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan (Khurram) (1628-1658) – "Golden Age"
5.3.2.1: Accession
5.3.2.2: Military Campaigns and Expansion
A. Deccan Policy B. Northwest Frontier C. Central Asian Policy
5.3.2.3: Administration
5.3.2.4: Patronage of Art, Culture, and Architecture – Architectural Zenith
A. Architecture
i. Taj Mahal ii. Red Fort (Lal Qila, Delhi) iii. Jama Masjid (Delhi) iv. Other Structures v. Shalimar Gardens Lahore
B. Painting C. Music and Literature
5.3.2.5: Economic Conditions 5.3.2.6: Character
5.3.2.7: War of Succession (1657-1658)
A. Causes B. Course
5.3.2.8: Current Affairs Linkage
Subtopic 5.3.3: Muhi-ud-din Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir (1658-1707)
5.3.3.1: Accession and Early Policies
5.3.3.2: Religious Policy – Orthodox and Controversial
A. Objectives
B. Measures
i. Reimposition of Jizya ii. Destruction of Hindu Temples iii. Discontinuation of un-Islamic practices iv. Discrimination in state employment v. Execution of Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur
C. Impact
5.3.3.3: Military Campaigns and Expansion – North India
A. Suppression of Rebellions
i. Jats of Mathura ii. Satnamis of Narnaul iii. Sikhs under Guru Gobind Singh iv. Bundelas under Chhatrasal
B. Annexations
C. Rajput Policy and Wars
i. Initial continuation of alliances ii. Intervention in Marwar iii. Mewar joins war
5.3.3.4: Deccan Policy – The "Deccan Ulcer"
A. Objectives
B. Campaigns
i. Against Marathas ii. Annexation of Bijapur (1686) iii. Annexation of Golconda (1687)
C. Aurangzeb's Personal Involvement D. Consequences of Deccan Policy
5.3.3.5: Administration 5.3.3.6: Economic Conditions
5.3.3.7: Patronage of Art and Culture
A. Architecture B. Painting C. Literature
5.3.3.8: Character 5.3.3.9: Death and End of Era
Topic 5.4: Economy under the Mughals (Consolidated View)
Subtopic 5.4.1: Agriculture – Backbone of the Economy
5.4.1.1: Land Ownership and Control 5.4.1.2: Crop Patterns 5.4.1.3: Irrigation 5.4.1.4: Agrarian Relations 5.4.1.5: Agrarian Distress and Revolts 5.4.1.6: Famines
Subtopic 5.4.2: Trade and Commerce – Internal and External
5.4.2.1: Internal Trade
5.4.2.2: External Trade
A. Overland Routes
B. Maritime Trade
i. With Europe ii. With Asia/Africa
5.4.2.3: Merchant Communities 5.4.2.4: Impact of European Trading Companies
Subtopic 5.4.3: Handicrafts, Karkhanas, and Urban Centers
5.4.3.1: Handicrafts
A. Textiles B. Metalwork C. Shipbuilding D. Other crafts
5.4.3.2: Karkhanas (Imperial Workshops) 5.4.3.3: Urban Centers – Growth and Characteristics
Subtopic 5.4.4: Coinage and Currency
5.4.4.1: Tri-metallic System 5.4.4.2: Mints (Taksal) 5.4.4.3: Abundance of Silver 5.4.4.4: Cowries
Subtopic 5.4.5: Standard of Living – Debates and Disparities
5.4.5.1: Opulence of Ruling Class 5.4.5.2: Condition of Common People 5.4.5.3: Evidence from foreign travellers
Topic 5.5: Society and Culture under the Mughals (Consolidated View)
Subtopic 5.5.1: Social Structure and Social Life
5.5.1.1: The Emperor and Royal Household
5.5.1.2: The Nobility (Umara/Amirs)
A. Composition B. Lifestyle C. Relationship with Emperor
5.5.1.3: The Zamindars (Intermediaries)
5.5.1.4: The Middle Strata (Ahl-i-Khidmat / Mutawassit)
A. Administrative Officials B. Professionals C. Merchants and Traders
5.5.1.5: The Common People (Awam-i- الناس)
A. Peasants (Raiyyat) B. Artisans and Craftspeople C. Labourers, Servants, Slaves
5.5.1.6: Rural Society 5.5.1.7: Urban Society
5.5.1.8: Position of Women
A. Upper Class Women B. Common Women C. Social Evils
5.5.1.9: Customs, Festivals, and Pastimes
A. Festivals B. Pastimes
5.5.1.10: Food and Dress
5.5.1.11: Education System
A. Muslim Education B. Hindu Education C. Female Education D. Pedagogical Approach
Subtopic 5.5.2: Religion – Syncretism, Orthodoxy, and Popular Movements
5.5.2.1: Islam
5.5.2.2: Sufism
A. Chishti Silsilah B. Naqshbandi Silsilah C. Qadiri Silsilah D. Popular Devotion
5.5.2.3: Hinduism
A. Vaishnavism B. Shaivism and Shaktism also prevalent. C. Impact of Mughal Rule
5.5.2.4: Sikhism
A. Transformation B. Mughal Conflict C. Guru Hargobind D. Guru Gobind Singh & Khalsa
5.5.2.5: Christianity
5.5.2.6: Syncretic Trends and Cultural Synthesis
A. Dara Shukoh's Pursuits B. Sufi-Bhakti Influence C. Composite Culture
5.5.2.7: Orthodox Revivalism
Subtopic 5.5.3: Language and Literature
5.5.3.1: Persian – Language of Court and Elite Literature
A. Historical Works B. Poetry C. Autobiographies/Biographies D. Insha (Letter-writing) E. Sufi Literature F. Translations from Sanskrit into Persian
5.5.3.2: Sanskrit
5.5.3.3: Urdu (Hindavi/Rekhta/Dakhni)
A. Emergence B. Prominence in North India C. Usage contexts
5.5.3.4: Regional Languages and Literature
A. Bhakti Poetry B. Ritikal Poetry C. Patronage D. Jain literature E. Other Languages
Subtopic 5.5.4: Art and Architecture (Mughal School)
5.5.4.1: Mughal Architecture
A. Babur and Humayun Period
B. Akbar Period
i. Humayun's Tomb ii. Agra Fort iii. Fatehpur Sikri iv. Other Forts
C. Jahangir Period
i. Tomb of Itimad-ud-Daulah ii. Jahangir's Tomb iii. Gardens & Moti Masjid Lahore
D. Shah Jahan Period ("Golden Age")
i. Taj Mahal ii. Red Fort Delhi & Shahjahanabad iii. Jama Masjid Delhi iv. Other Structures v. Shalimar Gardens Lahore
E. Aurangzeb Period
i. Badshahi Mosque Lahore ii. Bibi ka Maqbara iii. Moti Masjid Delhi
F. Mughal Gardens (Charbagh) G. Current Affairs Linkage
5.5.4.2: Mughal Painting
A. Origins B. Akbar Period (Foundation and Flourishing) C. Jahangir Period (Zenith) D. Shah Jahan Period E. Aurangzeb Period F. Themes G. Techniques
Subtopic 5.5.5: Music
5.5.5.1: Music
A. Synthesis B. Amir Khusrau's Contributions C. Sama (Sufi music) D. Patronage
5.5.5.2: Tansen 5.5.5.3: Other Musicians 5.5.5.4: Forms of Music 5.5.5.5: Synthesis 5.5.5.6: Decline under Aurangzeb
Subtopic 5.5.6: Science and Technology
5.5.6.1: Astronomy 5.5.6.2: Mathematics 5.5.6.3: Medicine 5.5.6.4: Military Technology 5.5.6.5: Agricultural Technology 5.5.6.6: Shipbuilding 5.5.6.7: Limited Innovation & Reception of European Science 5.5.6.8: Current Affairs Linkage
Topic 5.6: Decline of the Mughal Empire (Post-1707)
Subtopic 5.6.1: Internal Factors – Systemic and Policy-Related
5.6.1.1: Aurangzeb's Policies – Debated Impact
A. Religious Policy B. Deccan Policy C. Over-centralization and Suspicion
5.6.1.2: Weak Successors (Later Mughals) 5.6.1.3: Wars of Succession 5.6.1.4: Degeneration of Mughal Nobility
5.6.1.5: Jagirdari Crisis
A. Shortage of Jagirs B. Frequent transfers & Exploitation C. Hereditary Jagirs & Defiance D. Reduced State Income
5.6.1.6: Agrarian Crisis 5.6.1.7: Military Weakness 5.6.1.8: Economic Decline 5.6.1.9: Size of Empire
Subtopic 5.6.2: External Factors – Foreign Invasions
5.6.2.1: Invasion of Nadir Shah (Persian Emperor) (1739)
A. Causes B. Battle of Karnal C. Sack of Delhi
5.6.2.2: Invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali (Durrani)
A. Repeated Invasions B. Third Battle of Panipat (1761)
Subtopic 5.6.3: Rise of Regional Powers and Independent States
5.6.3.1: Autonomy by Provincial Governors 5.6.3.2: Marathas 5.6.3.3: Sikhs 5.6.3.4: Jats 5.6.3.5: Rohillas 5.6.3.6: Rajputs
Subtopic 5.6.4: Different Interpretations of Mughal Decline (Historiographical Debate)
5.6.4.1: Empire-Centric View 5.6.4.2: Region-Centric View 5.6.4.3: Marxist Interpretation 5.6.4.4: Cultural and Institutional Factors
Module 6: Emergence of Maratha Power & 18th Century States
Topic 6.1: The Rise and Ascendancy of the Marathas
6.1.1: Background to Maratha Rise
Subtopic 6.1.2: Shivaji Maharaj (Chhatrapati Shivaji) (1627/1630 – 1680)
6.1.2.1: Early Life and Influences 6.1.2.2: Conflict with Bijapur
6.1.2.3: Conflict with Mughals
A. Initial Clashes B. Shaista Khan Episode C. Sack of Surat D. Jai Singh & Treaty of Purandar E. Visit to Agra and Escape
6.1.2.4: Renewal of Conflict and Coronation 6.1.2.5: Southern Campaigns
6.1.2.6: Shivaji's Administration (Ashtapradhan Mandal)
A. Peshwa B. Amatya/Majumdar C. Sachiv/Surunavis D. Mantri/Waqia-Navis E. Senapati/Sar-i-Naubat F. Sumant/Dabir G. Nyayadhish H. Panditrao
6.1.2.7: Revenue System
A. Land Revenue B. Chauth C. Sardeshmukhi
6.1.2.8: Military Organization
A. Hill Forts B. Army C. Navy D. Discipline
6.1.2.9: Significance and Legacy
Subtopic 6.1.3: Sambhaji (1680-1689) – Struggle and Sacrifice
6.1.3.1: Accession 6.1.3.2: Conflict with Mughals 6.1.3.3: Challenges 6.1.3.4: Capture and Execution
Subtopic 6.1.4: Rajaram (1689-1700) and Tarabai (1700-1707) – War of Independence
6.1.4.1: Rajaram 6.1.4.2: Tarabai
Subtopic 6.1.5: Shahu I (1707-1749) and the Rise of Peshwas
6.1.5.1: Release of Shahu 6.1.5.2: Civil War
6.1.5.3: Balaji Vishwanath (Peshwa, 1713-1720)
A. Consolidation and Rise of Peshwa B. Mughal Farman (1719)
6.1.5.4: Baji Rao I (Peshwa, 1720-1740) – Architect of Maratha Expansion
A. Vision and Policy B. Military Campaigns C. Maratha Confederacy
6.1.5.5: Balaji Baji Rao (Nana Saheb) (Peshwa, 1740-1761) – Zenith and Debacle
A. Expansion of Influence B. Agreement with Mughals (1752) C. Conflict with Ahmad Shah Abdali
D. Third Battle of Panipat (14 January 1761)
i. Causes ii. Course iii. Consequences
6.1.5.6: Current Affairs Linkage
Subtopic 6.1.6: Maratha Administration and Military under Peshwas
6.1.6.1: Central Administration 6.1.6.2: Provincial Administration 6.1.6.3: Revenue System 6.1.6.4: Military 6.1.6.5: Maratha Confederacy
Subtopic 6.1.7: Post-Panipat Maratha Powers and Anglo-Maratha Wars (Brief outline)
6.1.7.1: Recovery under Madhavrao I 6.1.7.2: Internal Squabbles 6.1.7.3: Prominent Maratha Chiefs
6.1.7.4: Anglo-Maratha Wars
A. First Anglo-Maratha War B. Second Anglo-Maratha War C. Third Anglo-Maratha War
Topic 6.2: Other Principal States and Successor States in the 18th Century
Subtopic 6.2.1: Hyderabad (Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I)
6.2.1.1: Founder 6.2.1.2: Establishment of Autonomy (1724) 6.2.1.3: Policies 6.2.1.4: Later Nizams
Subtopic 6.2.2: Awadh (Saadat Khan Burhan-ul-Mulk)
6.2.2.1: Founder 6.2.2.2: Consolidation of Power 6.2.2.3: Safdar Jang 6.2.2.4: Shuja-ud-Daula 6.2.2.5: Culture
Subtopic 6.2.3: Bengal (Murshid Quli Khan, Alivardi Khan)
6.2.3.1: Murshid Quli Khan 6.2.3.2: Shuja-ud-din & Sarfaraz Khan 6.2.3.3: Alivardi Khan 6.2.3.4: Economy 6.2.3.5: Siraj-ud-Daulah & Battle of Plassey
Subtopic 6.2.4: The Sikhs (Rise of Misls and Ranjit Singh)
6.2.4.1: Banda Bahadur's Uprising 6.2.4.2: Persecution and Resilience 6.2.4.3: Rise of Misls
6.2.4.4: Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Sukerchakia Misl, 1780-1839)
A. Unification of Misls B. Administration C. Military Modernization D. Relations with British E. Extent of Empire F. Death and Aftermath
Subtopic 6.2.5: Mysore (Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan)
6.2.5.1: Wodeyar Dynasty
6.2.5.2: Hyder Ali (c. 1721-1782)
A. Rise to Power B. Military Modernization C. Expansion and Conflicts D. First Anglo-Mysore War
6.2.5.3: Tipu Sultan ("Tiger of Mysore", 1782-1799)
A. Succession and Character B. Administrative and Economic Reforms
C. Conflict with British
i. Second Anglo-Mysore War ii. Third Anglo-Mysore War iii. Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
D. Character and Legacy E. Current Affairs Linkage
Subtopic 6.2.6: Jats (Bharatpur State)
6.2.6.1: Peasant Uprisings 6.2.6.2: Churaman and Badan Singh 6.2.6.3: Suraj Mal
Subtopic 6.2.7: Rajput States in the 18th Century
6.2.7.1: Assertion of Independence 6.2.7.2: Internal Strife and Maratha Interference
6.2.7.3: Prominent States
A. Amber/Jaipur (Sawai Jai Singh) B. Marwar (Jodhpur) C. Mewar (Udaipur)
6.2.7.4: Cultural Contributions
Subtopic 6.2.8: Travancore (Kerala)
6.2.8.1: Martanda Varma 6.2.8.2: Rama Varma (Dharma Raja)
Subtopic 6.2.9: Rohilkhand (Rohillas)
6.2.9.1: Afghan Adventurers 6.2.9.2: Conflicts 6.2.9.3: Rohilla War (1774)
Topic 6.3: General Characteristics of Regional Polities in the 18th Century
6.3.1: Legacy of Mughal Administration 6.3.2: Military Modernization Efforts 6.3.3: Constant Warfare & Political Instability 6.3.4: Economic Conditions 6.3.5: Cultural Developments 6.3.6: Incapacity for United Front
Module 7: Society, Economy, and Culture in the 18th Century
Topic 7.1: Social Conditions in 18th Century India
Subtopic 7.1.1: Social Structure – Continuity and Change
7.1.1.1: Traditional Structures
7.1.1.2: Ruling Elites
A. Mughal Nobility (Declining) B. New Regional Elites C. Zamindars and Local Chieftains
7.1.1.3: Middle Strata
A. Merchants and Traders B. Administrative Officials and Clerks C. Literati and Professionals
7.1.1.4: Common People
A. Peasantry B. Artisans and Craftspeople C. Labourers
7.1.1.5: Slavery 7.1.1.6: Tribal Communities
Subtopic 7.1.2: Position of Women
7.1.2.1: General Subordination 7.1.2.2: Upper Class Women 7.1.2.3: Common Women 7.1.2.4: Social Evils 7.1.2.5: Efforts for Reform
Subtopic 7.1.3: Education System
7.1.3.1: Traditional Institutions 7.1.3.2: Curriculum 7.1.3.3: Patronage 7.1.3.4: Accessibility 7.1.3.5: European Influence (Late 18th Century)
Subtopic 7.1.4: Social Customs, Beliefs, and Practices
7.1.4.1: Religious Beliefs 7.1.4.2: Festivals and Fairs 7.1.4.3: Lifestyle 7.1.4.4: Social Tensions
Topic 7.2: Economic Conditions in 18th Century India
Subtopic 7.2.1: The 18th Century Debate – "Dark Age" vs. "Continuity, Resilience, and Regional Dynamism"
7.2.1.1: Traditional View ("Dark Age" Thesis)
7.2.1.2: Revisionist View ("Continuity and Regional Dynamism")
A. Regional Growth B. Continued Production & Trade C. Shift of Power & Resources D. Adaptability and Continuity
7.2.1.3: Synthesis
Subtopic 7.2.2: Agriculture
7.2.2.1: Continued Importance 7.2.2.2: Production 7.2.2.3: Land Revenue Systems 7.2.2.4: Impact of Political Instability
Subtopic 7.2.3: Trade and Commerce
7.2.3.1: Internal Trade
7.2.3.2: External Trade
A. Trade with Asia, Africa B. European Trading Companies C. Shift in Trade Patterns
7.2.3.3: Impact of European Companies on Indian Economy
A. Initial Stimulation B. Gaining Political Influence C. Drain of Wealth Theory
Subtopic 7.2.4: Urbanization and Craft Production
7.2.4.1: Urban Trends
7.2.4.2: Craft Production
A. Textiles B. Metalwork, Shipbuilding, Luxury Crafts
7.2.4.3: Impact of Political Change on Crafts
Subtopic 7.2.5: Economic Impact of Warfare and Political Instability
7.2.5.1: Negative Impacts 7.2.5.2: Positive Stimuli (Limited)
Topic 7.3: Cultural Trends in the 18th Century
Subtopic 7.3.1: Language and Literature
7.3.1.1: Persian 7.3.1.2: Urdu
7.3.1.3: Regional Languages
A. Hindi B. Bengali C. Marathi D. Tamil E. Punjabi F. Other Languages
7.3.1.4: Sanskrit
Subtopic 7.3.2: Art and Architecture
7.3.2.1: Decline of Imperial Mughal Style
7.3.2.2: Rise of Regional Architectural Styles
A. Awadh (Lucknow) B. Rajputana C. Punjab (Sikh Architecture) D. Maratha Architecture E. Mysore F. Travancore
7.3.2.3: Painting
A. Decline of Imperial Mughal School
B. Rise of Provincial and Regional Schools
i. Rajput Schools ii. Pahari Schools iii. Awadh and Murshidabad Schools iv. Company Painting
Subtopic 7.3.3: Music and Dance
7.3.3.1: Music
A. Classical Traditions B. Devotional Music C. Folk Music D. Patronage
7.3.3.2: Dance
A. Kathak B. Other Classical Forms
Subtopic 7.3.4: Religious Trends and Social Reform (Early Stirrings)
7.3.4.1: Continuity of Bhakti and Sufi Traditions 7.3.4.2: Syncretism and Tolerance 7.3.4.3: New Sects and Reformist Ideas 7.3.4.4: Influence of European Enlightenment Ideas
7.3.5: Current Affairs Linkage
Module 8: Bhakti and Sufi Movements
Topic 8.1: The Bhakti Movement – Devotion, Reform, and Regional Expressions
Subtopic 8.1.1: Origins and Historical Context
8.1.1.1: Ancient Roots
8.1.1.2: Early Medieval South India (c. 6th-9th Century CE) – The First Wave
A. Alvars B. Nayanars C. Common Features
8.1.1.3: Factors for Proliferation in North India (c. 13th Century onwards)
A. Spread from South B. Socio-political Context C. Influence of Islam/Sufism D. Need for Simpler Religion E. Protest against Social Inequalities
Subtopic 8.1.2: Key Tenets and Characteristics of Bhakti Movement
8.1.2.1: Monotheism/Chosen Deity 8.1.2.2: Bhakti as Means of Salvation 8.1.2.3: Emphasis on Guru 8.1.2.4: Equality Before God 8.1.2.5: Condemnation of Ritualism 8.1.2.6: Use of Vernacular Languages 8.1.2.7: Congregational Singing/Chanting
8.1.2.8: Two Main Streams
A. Saguna Bhakti B. Nirguna Bhakti
Subtopic 8.1.3: Major Philosophers and Saints and their Teachings
8.1.3.1: Vedanta Philosophers
A. Shankaracharya B. Ramanujacharya C. Madhvacharya D. Nimbarkacharya E. Vallabhacharya
8.1.3.2: Key Bhakti Saints (North, East, West India)
A. Ramananda B. Kabir C. Guru Nanak Dev D. Ravidas E. Dadu Dayal F. Mirabai G. Surdas H. Tulsidas I. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu J. Shankaradeva K. Namdev L. Jnaneshwar M. Tukaram N. Eknath O. Ramdas P. Basavanna
Subtopic 8.1.4: Impact of Bhakti Movement
8.1.4.1: Religious Impact
A. Accessibility of Religion B. Challenge to Orthodoxy C. Monotheism & Personal Devotion D. Development of Sects E. Resilience of Hinduism
8.1.4.2: Social Impact
A. Social Equality & Caste Critique B. Improved Status for Lower Castes C. Hindu-Muslim Unity Efforts D. Community Building
8.1.4.3: Cultural Impact
A. Regional Languages & Literature B. Devotional Music & Dance C. Influence on Art
8.1.4.4: Limitations
Topic 8.2: The Sufi Movement – Mystic Paths and Cultural Synthesis in Indian Islam
Subtopic 8.2.1: Origins and Introduction of Sufism in India
8.2.1.1: What is Sufism? 8.2.1.2: Early Development 8.2.1.3: Arrival in India
Subtopic 8.2.2: Key Tenets and Practices of Sufism
8.2.2.1: Tawhid (Unity of God) 8.2.2.2: Love (Ishq) for God 8.2.2.3: Murshid/Pir and Murid 8.2.2.4: Fana and Baqa 8.2.2.5: Zikr and Muraqaba 8.2.2.6: Sama (Musical Congregations) 8.2.2.7: Service to Humanity 8.2.2.8: Asceticism and Poverty 8.2.2.9: Tolerance and Universal Brotherhood 8.2.2.10: Wahdat-ul-Wujud vs. Wahdat-ul-Shuhud
Subtopic 8.2.3: Major Sufi Silsilahs (Orders) in India and their Prominent Saints
8.2.3.1: Chishti Silsilah
A. Founder in India B. Characteristics C. Prominent Saints
8.2.3.2: Suhrawardi Silsilah
A. Founder in India B. Characteristics C. Prominent Saints
8.2.3.3: Qadiri Silsilah
A. Introduction in India B. Prominent Saints
8.2.3.4: Naqshbandi Silsilah
A. Introduction in India B. Characteristics C. Prominent Saints
8.2.3.5: Firdausi Silsilah 8.2.3.6: Shattari Silsilah 8.2.3.7: Kubrawiya Silsilah 8.2.3.8: Rishi Order (Kashmir)
Subtopic 8.2.4: Organization of Sufi Movement
8.2.4.1: Khanqah 8.2.4.2: Dargah 8.2.4.3: Pir-Murid Relationship 8.2.4.4: Malfuzat and Maktubat
Subtopic 8.2.5: Impact of Sufi Movement
8.2.5.1: Religious Impact
A. Spread of Islam B. Mystical Dimension C. Countering Orthodoxy
8.2.5.2: Social Impact
A. Social Harmony B. Equality and Brotherhood C. Solace and Guidance
8.2.5.3: Cultural Impact
A. Regional Languages & Literature B. Devotional Music C. Influence on Architecture D. Composite Culture
8.2.5.4: Political Impact
Topic 8.3: Interaction and Synthesis between Bhakti and Sufi Movements
Subtopic 8.3.1: Areas of Commonality and Mutual Influence
8.3.1.1: Emphasis on Monotheism and Love for God 8.3.1.2: Importance of Guru/Murshid 8.3.1.3: Critique of External Ritualism and Orthodoxy 8.3.1.4: Use of Vernacular Languages and Music 8.3.1.5: Focus on Inner Spiritual Experience over External Observances. 8.3.1.6: Cross-Cultural Exchange
Subtopic 8.3.2: Contribution to Composite Culture and Social Harmony
8.3.2.1: Mutual Respect & Understanding 8.3.2.2: Shared Sacred Spaces 8.3.2.3: Syncretic Cultural Tradition 8.3.2.4: Common Platform for Seekers
8.3.3: Current Affairs Linkage
Module 9: Art, Architecture, and Culture – A Thematic Overview
Topic 9.1: Temple Architecture – Evolution and Regional Styles (c. 750 – 18th Century)
Subtopic 9.1.1: Broad Classification and Key Features
9.1.1.1: Nagara Style (North India)
A. Core Components
B. Regional Variations
i. Odishan Style ii. Khajuraho Style iii. Solanki Style iv. Other regional styles in Central India, Himalayas.
9.1.1.2: Dravida Style (South India)
A. Core Components
B. Evolution
i. Pallava Period ii. Chola Period iii. Pandya Period iv. Vijayanagara Period v. Nayaka Period
9.1.1.3: Vesara Style (Deccan/Hybrid)
A. Synthesis B. Characteristics C. Patronage & Examples
9.1.2: Construction Materials and Techniques 9.1.3: Temple as a Socio-Economic and Cultural Institution
Topic 9.2: Indo-Islamic Architecture – A Synthesis of Traditions
Subtopic 9.2.1: Key Features and Elements
9.2.1.1: Core Islamic Architectural Elements
A. Arch B. Dome C. Minarets D. Courtyard (Sahn) E. Mihrab and Minbar F. Lime-Mortar
9.2.1.2: Decorative Elements
A. Calligraphy B. Arabesque C. Geometric Designs D. Jaali Work E. Inlay Work F. Aniconism
9.2.1.3: Indian Influences
A. Local Materials B. Indian Decorative Motifs C. Indian Structural Elements D. Trabeate System
Subtopic 9.2.2: Phases of Development
9.2.2.1: Delhi Sultanate Period (Imperial Style)
A. Mamluk/Slave Style B. Khalji Style C. Tughlaq Style D. Sayyid and Lodi Styles
9.2.2.2: Regional Sultanate Styles
A. Bengal Style B. Jaunpur (Sharqi Style) C. Gujarat Style D. Malwa Style (Mandu) E. Deccan Styles
9.2.2.3: Mughal Architecture
A. Babur & Humayun B. Akbar C. Jahangir D. Shah Jahan E. Aurangzeb
9.2.2.4: Mughal Gardens (Charbagh)
9.2.3: Types of Structures
Topic 9.3: Sculpture and Terracotta
9.3.1: Temple Sculpture
Subtopic 9.3.2: Bronze Casting
A. Chola Bronzes B. Pala Bronzes C. Jain Bronzes
Subtopic 9.3.3: Indo-Islamic Context
A. General Aniconism B. Decorative Elements Focus C. Animal Motifs in Secular Architecture
Subtopic 9.3.4: Terracotta Art
A. Temple Decoration (Bengal) B. Figurines, Toys, Pottery
Topic 9.4: Painting – Miniatures and Murals
Subtopic 9.4.1: Early Medieval Traditions (Pre-Sultanate)
9.4.1.1: Mural Paintings
9.4.1.2: Manuscript Illumination (Miniatures)
A. Pala School B. Apabhramsha School
Subtopic 9.4.2: Sultanate Period Painting (c. 13th-15th Century)
9.4.2.1: Persian Influence 9.4.2.2: Manuscript Illumination 9.4.2.3: Development of regional styles.
Subtopic 9.4.3: Mughal Painting (c. 16th-18th Century) – Distinct School
9.4.3.1: Synthesis of Persian (Safavid) and Indian (indigenous, Jain, Buddhist) traditions. 9.4.3.2: Key Features
9.4.3.3: Development under Emperors
A. Humayun B. Akbar C. Jahangir D. Shah Jahan E. Aurangzeb
Subtopic 9.4.4: Deccani Painting (c. 16th-18th Century)
9.4.4.1: Development 9.4.4.2: Distinct Style
Subtopic 9.4.5: Rajput and Pahari Painting (c. 16th-19th Century)
9.4.5.1: Rajput Schools (Rajasthan)
A. Mewar School B. Bundi-Kotah School C. Kishangarh School D. Marwar School
9.4.5.2: Pahari Schools (Himalayan foothills)
A. Basohli School B. Guler School C. Kangra School
9.4.5.3: Common Themes
Topic 9.5: Language and Literature (Consolidated Thematic Overview)
9.5.1: Sanskrit Literature
Subtopic 9.5.2: Persian Literature
A. Historical Chronicles B. Poetry C. Autobiographies/Biographies D. Insha (Epistolography) E. Sufi Literature F. Translations from Sanskrit
Subtopic 9.5.3: Rise and Growth of Regional Languages and Literature
A. Hindi B. Urdu C. Bengali D. Marathi E. Punjabi F. Gujarati G. Tamil H. Telugu I. Kannada J. Malayalam K. Odia L. Assamese M. Kashmiri N. Sindhi
Topic 9.6: Music and Dance
Subtopic 9.6.1: Music
A. Indian Classical Music Traditions
i. Hindustani Music ii. Carnatic Music
B. Devotional Music C. Folk Music D. Patronage
Subtopic 9.6.2: Dance
A. Classical Dance Forms
i. Bharatanatyam ii. Kathak iii. Kathakali iv. Odissi v. Kuchipudi vi. Mohiniattam vii. Sattriya viii. Manipuri
B. Folk Dances
Topic 9.7: Current Affairs Linkage for Art, Architecture, Culture Module
9.7.1: UNESCO World Heritage Sites 9.7.2: GI Tags 9.7.3: Repatriation of Artifacts 9.7.4: Promotion of Classical Arts 9.7.5: Debates on Historical Narratives and Heritage
Module 10: Science and Technology in Medieval India
Topic 10.1: Astronomy (Jyotisha)
10.1.1: Continuity of Ancient Traditions 10.1.2: Influence of Islamic Astronomy
Subtopic 10.1.3: Observatories
A. Firuz Shah Tughlaq's Interest B. Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II (Jantar Mantars)
Subtopic 10.1.4: Key Figures and Texts
A. Bhaskaracharya II B. Mahendra Suri C. Parameshvara (Kerala School) D. Nilakantha Somayaji (Kerala School)
10.1.5: Astrolabe 10.1.6: Limitations
Topic 10.2: Mathematics (Ganita)
10.2.1: Continuity of Ancient Traditions
Subtopic 10.2.2: Key Figures and Texts
A. Bhaskaracharya II B. Narayana Pandita
C. Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics (c. 14th-16th Century)
i. Madhava of Sangamagrama ii. Other Kerala School Mathematicians
10.2.3: Influence of Perso-Arabic Mathematics 10.2.4: Practical Applications 10.2.5: Limitations
Topic 10.3: Medicine (Ayurveda and Unani Tibb)
Subtopic 10.3.1: Ayurveda
A. Continuity of Classical Tradition B. Developments C. Materia Medica D. Surgery E. Patronage
Subtopic 10.3.2: Unani Tibb (Greco-Arabic Medicine)
A. Introduction B. Patronage C. Hospitals D. Interaction with Ayurveda
10.3.3: Public Health and Hygiene 10.3.4: Veterinary Medicine 10.3.5: Limitations
Topic 10.4: Metallurgy and Craft Technology
Subtopic 10.4.1: Iron and Steel
A. Quality and Wootz Steel B. Iron Pillar of Delhi C. Cannons and Firearms
Subtopic 10.4.2: Non-Ferrous Metallurgy
A. Bronze Casting B. Bidriware C. Coinage
Subtopic 10.4.3: Textile Technology
A. Overview B. Spinning Wheel (Charkha) C. Looms D. Dyeing E. Printing
Subtopic 10.4.4: Paper Making
A. Introduction B. Replacement of Materials C. Production Centers
10.4.5: Glass Technology 10.4.6: Gemology and Lapidary Work 10.4.7: Current Affairs Linkage
Topic 10.5: Military Technology
10.5.1: Traditional Warfare
Subtopic 10.5.2: Introduction and Use of Gunpowder
A. Introduction B. Artillery (Topkhana) C. Firearms D. Production
10.5.3: Fortification Techniques 10.5.4: Siege Engines 10.5.5: Cavalry 10.5.6: Naval Power
Topic 10.6: Agricultural Technology and Irrigation
10.6.1: Implements
Subtopic 10.6.2: Irrigation Techniques
A. Wells B. Canals C. Tanks and Reservoirs D. Dams and Anicuts
10.6.3: Crop Rotation and Multiple Cropping 10.6.4: Manuring 10.6.5: Introduction of New Crops
Topic 10.7: Town Planning and Water Management (Urban)
Subtopic 10.7.1: Town Planning
A. Organic Growth B. Planned Cities C. Fortified Cities D. Segregation
10.7.2: Urban Water Supply 10.7.3: Sanitation and Drainage 10.7.4: Sarais (Rest Houses) 10.7.5: Hammams (Public Baths)
Topic 10.8: Shipbuilding and Navigation
Subtopic 10.8.1: Shipbuilding
A. Tradition B. Materials C. Centers D. Size and Design
Subtopic 10.8.2: Navigation
A. Traditional Methods B. Instruments C. Charts and Maps
10.8.3: Decline relative to Europeans
Topic 10.9: Overall Assessment – Strengths, Weaknesses, and Reasons for Relative Stagnation
Subtopic 10.9.1: Strengths
A. Empirical Traditions B. Computational Mathematics C. High quality metallurgy and textile production. D. Sophisticated irrigation techniques. E. Openness to some foreign technologies initially.
Subtopic 10.9.2: Weaknesses and Reasons for Stagnation
A. Limited Institutional Support for Science B. Social Structure C. Lack of Printing Press D. Complacency and Self-Sufficiency E. Limited Interaction with European Science F. Political Instability G. Focus on Political and Military Consolidation H. Traditional Worldview